Chapter 6 Cancer

Changes in Cigarettes Over the Past Several Decades 152 Changes in Design, Curing, and Composition 153 Differences Across Brands in Toxicant Yields 154 Changes in Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamine and Benzo[a]pyrene Levels Over Time 155 Differences in Toxicant Yields Across Countries 155 Low-Tar Cigarettes Do Not Reduce Risk of Lung Cancer 157 Overall Death Rates for Lung Cancer Indicate Increased Risk of Smoking in Recent Decades 158 Changes Over Time in the Types of Lung Cancer Associated With Smoking 161 Evidence for a Rising Risk of Adenocarcinoma of the Lung in the United States 177 Evidence Synthesis 185 Conclusions 186 Implications 186